Definition of Flora and Fauna
Flora is a new species of plants while the fauna of the types of animals.
Types and Distribution of Flora and Fauna
Flora is a new species of plants while the fauna of the types of animals.
Types and Distribution of Flora and Fauna
The pattern of distribution of fauna in Indonesia together with the distribution patterns of plants, namely in the West, fauna has similarities with the fauna of Asia, the Eastern fauna is similar to the fauna in Australia, and between the two regions before, fauna is the fauna of the intermediate region. This is possible because in Indonesia the ice age had fused with Asia and Australia. At that time Indonesia became a bridge dispersal of animals from Asia and Australia.
Formation history of the land in Indonesia began in the ice age.
Formation history of the land in Indonesia began in the ice age.
At the beginning of the ice age, Earth's surface temperature dropped so that the surface sea water into fall. At that time, Indonesia's western region which is also called the Sunda Plain still fused with the continent of Asia, while the eastern part of Indonesia which is also called Sahul Plain together with the continent of Australia. Sunda and Sahul Terrain Terrain is also still a land not separated by seas and straits. The situation is causing diversity of flora and fauna in the western part of Indonesia such as Java, Bali, Borneo, and Sumatra in general showed similarity to the flora on the continent of Asia.
Similarly premises flora and fauna in eastern Indonesia such as Irian Jaya and the surrounding islands generally have a similarity with the flora and fauna on the continent of Australia. So Indonesia at that time to be a bridge connecting the distribution of animals from Asia and Australia. Then, at the end of the ice age, Earth's surface temperature rises so that the sea levels rose again. Rising sea levels resulting in a separate Java with the continent of Asia, then apart from the last of Sumatra and Borneo. Furthermore, apart from Borneo and Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo last separated from the Malay Peninsula.
Factors Contributing to the diversity of Flora and Fauna in Indonesia
Factors Contributing to the diversity of Flora and Fauna in Indonesia
Diversity of flora and fauna in a region can not be separated from the support conditions in the region. There are plants that can only grow in tropical areas, where a lot of rainfall and sunshine, and there can only be grown in areas with cold and damp. We certainly never saw the Meranti tree or tropical orchids in colder regions in the tundra. Support to the existence of conditions of an area of flora and fauna in the form of physical factors (abiotic) and non-physical factors (biotic). Which includes physical factors (abiotic) is the climate (temperature, air humidity, wind), water, soil, and altitude, and that includes non-physical factors (biotic) is a human, animals, and plants.
a. Climate
Climatic factors including temperature conditions, humidity and wind are very large influence on the life of every creature in the world. Temperature factors influence the ongoing process of physical growth of plants. Sunlight is necessary for green plants for photosynthesis. Air humidity also affect the physical growth of plants. While useful for wind pollination. Climatic factors which vary in some areas causing species of plants and animals are also different .. Plants in the tropics, many species, lush and green throughout the year as always capitalize the high rainfall and adequate sunshine.
b. Soil
Soil contains many chemical elements necessary for the growth of flora in the world.Levels of chemical effect on the level of soil fertility. State of the soil structure affects the circulation of air in the soil, allowing plant roots to breathe properly. State of the soil texture effect on the soil to water absorption. Soil temperature effect on root growth and water conditions in the soil.
The composition of the soil generally consists of inorganic mineral material (70% -90%), organic matter (1% -15%), air and water (0-9%). The things above shows how important soil factor for plant growth. Differences lead to differences in soil type and diversity of plant species that can live in a region. For example in the Nusa Tenggara is Sabana forest types because the land is less fertile.
c. Water
Water has an important role for plant growth because it can dissolve and carry the necessary food for the plant from the soil. Presence of water depending on rainfall and rainfall depends on the climate in the regions concerned. Type of flora in a region highly influential on the amount of rainfall in the region. Flora in areas that lack vegetation diversity rainfall is less than the flora in the area that a lot of rainfall.
d. High and low surface
Elevation factors are generally viewed from the Earth's surface from the sea surface height (elevation). For example 1500 m altitude means the venue is at 1500 m above sea level. The higher the temperature gets colder regions in the area. And vice versa when the lower mean air temperature in the area hotter. Each rose 100 meters average air temperature dropped about 0.5 degrees Celsius. So the lower a region increasingly hot area, and conversely the higher the colder regions the area.Therefore the height of the Earth's surface affects the type and distribution of plants.Air temperature humid areas, wet in the tropics, the plants more fertile than the regions where the temperature is hot and dry.
e. Humans, animals and plants
Humans are able to change the environment to meet specific needs. For example the area of forest converted to agricultural areas, housing estates or by logging, reforestation,. Or fertilization. Humans can spread the plant from one place to another. In addition it is also capable of affecting the lives of fauna in a place by performing protection or hunting animals. This shows that the human factor influence on the life of flora and fauna in the world. Besides animal factors also play a role against the spread of plant flora.
For example in the process of pollination insects, bats, birds, squirrels aid in seed dispersal of plants. The role of vegetation factor is to enrich the soil. Fertile soil development occurred allowing plant life and also affect the life of fauna. Examples of bacteria saprophit is a type of microscopic plants that help the destruction of the rubbish on the ground so that it can menyuburkkan ground.
Climatic factors including temperature conditions, humidity and wind are very large influence on the life of every creature in the world. Temperature factors influence the ongoing process of physical growth of plants. Sunlight is necessary for green plants for photosynthesis. Air humidity also affect the physical growth of plants. While useful for wind pollination. Climatic factors which vary in some areas causing species of plants and animals are also different .. Plants in the tropics, many species, lush and green throughout the year as always capitalize the high rainfall and adequate sunshine.
b. Soil
Soil contains many chemical elements necessary for the growth of flora in the world.Levels of chemical effect on the level of soil fertility. State of the soil structure affects the circulation of air in the soil, allowing plant roots to breathe properly. State of the soil texture effect on the soil to water absorption. Soil temperature effect on root growth and water conditions in the soil.
The composition of the soil generally consists of inorganic mineral material (70% -90%), organic matter (1% -15%), air and water (0-9%). The things above shows how important soil factor for plant growth. Differences lead to differences in soil type and diversity of plant species that can live in a region. For example in the Nusa Tenggara is Sabana forest types because the land is less fertile.
c. Water
Water has an important role for plant growth because it can dissolve and carry the necessary food for the plant from the soil. Presence of water depending on rainfall and rainfall depends on the climate in the regions concerned. Type of flora in a region highly influential on the amount of rainfall in the region. Flora in areas that lack vegetation diversity rainfall is less than the flora in the area that a lot of rainfall.
d. High and low surface
Elevation factors are generally viewed from the Earth's surface from the sea surface height (elevation). For example 1500 m altitude means the venue is at 1500 m above sea level. The higher the temperature gets colder regions in the area. And vice versa when the lower mean air temperature in the area hotter. Each rose 100 meters average air temperature dropped about 0.5 degrees Celsius. So the lower a region increasingly hot area, and conversely the higher the colder regions the area.Therefore the height of the Earth's surface affects the type and distribution of plants.Air temperature humid areas, wet in the tropics, the plants more fertile than the regions where the temperature is hot and dry.
e. Humans, animals and plants
Humans are able to change the environment to meet specific needs. For example the area of forest converted to agricultural areas, housing estates or by logging, reforestation,. Or fertilization. Humans can spread the plant from one place to another. In addition it is also capable of affecting the lives of fauna in a place by performing protection or hunting animals. This shows that the human factor influence on the life of flora and fauna in the world. Besides animal factors also play a role against the spread of plant flora.
For example in the process of pollination insects, bats, birds, squirrels aid in seed dispersal of plants. The role of vegetation factor is to enrich the soil. Fertile soil development occurred allowing plant life and also affect the life of fauna. Examples of bacteria saprophit is a type of microscopic plants that help the destruction of the rubbish on the ground so that it can menyuburkkan ground.
Biodiversity in Indonesia
Biodiversity in Indonesia there are three, namely:
ecosystem diversity
species diversity and
genetic diversity.
Benefits of Biodiversity in Indonesia
Biodiversity is the greatest boon to mankind. The benefits include:
(1) It is the source of life, livelihood and survival for mankind, because of potential as a source of food, shelter, clothing, medicine and other necessities of life
(2) Is a source of science and technology
(3) socio-cultural development of mankind
(4) Generating the nuances of beauty that reflects its creator.
The spread of Biological Resources in Indonesia
ecosystem diversity
species diversity and
genetic diversity.
Benefits of Biodiversity in Indonesia
Biodiversity is the greatest boon to mankind. The benefits include:
(1) It is the source of life, livelihood and survival for mankind, because of potential as a source of food, shelter, clothing, medicine and other necessities of life
(2) Is a source of science and technology
(3) socio-cultural development of mankind
(4) Generating the nuances of beauty that reflects its creator.
The spread of Biological Resources in Indonesia
In terms of biodiversity, Indonesia is very advantageous geographical position. The country is made up of thousands of islands, located between two continents, namely Asia and Australia, and is on the equator. With this position Indonesia is one country that has the greatest wealth of biodiversity in the world. Indonesia with a total area of 1.3% of the entire broad face of the earth has 10% of the world's flowering plants, 12% of the world's mammals, 17% of the world's bird species, and 25% of fish species of the world.
The spread of the plant, Indonesia covered in Malesia region, which also includes the Philippines, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. This area is determined based on the distribution of plant genera characterized by the three vertices of demarcation: (1) Node Torres Strait indicate that 644 plant genera Irian Jaya can not cross over to Australia and 340 Australian plant genera not found in Irian Jaya.(2) the Isthmus of Kra on the Malay Peninsula flora of Malesia is a limit deployment in Thailand. This led to the demarcation of 200 genera of plants that Thailand can not be spread to the Malesia region, and 375 genera are not found in Thailand Malesia. (3). Node in the south of Taiwan to be a barrier between the flora Flora Malesia and Taiwan .. The existence of this demarcation cause 40% of genera in the flora of Malesia not available outside the region and the flora of Malesia Malesia Asia contains more elements than the elements of Australia. The outbreak of the southern continent Gendawa at 140 million years ago to exposure Sundanese (derived from the northern continent Laurasia) and exposure to Sahul (derived from Gondawa) causes the spread of plant that is concentrated in such Sundaland species durian, rattan, and Artocarpus tusam.
Patterns of distribution of animals in Indonesia marred by a pattern of regional groups of the Oriental in the west and the east Australian region. Both regions are very different. However, since Indonesia consists of a row of islands that are very close together, then the migration of animals between islands provide opportunities mixing elements of two groups of the region. This mixing blur the line between the area of oriental and Australian regions ..
Noting the nature of animals in Indonesia Wallace divides the region into 2 groups of fauna distribution of the fauna of the western part Indonesi (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Madura, Borneo) and Fauna and the eastern part of Sulawesi island next to timumya. Two groups of this fauna have different characteristics and dipiahkan ole Wallace line (the line between Borneo and Sulawesi, continued between Bali and Lombok).
Stretch of islands to the east line of the original Wallace did not include areas of Australia, because the western boundary is the line of Australia's regional Lydekker Sahul following the exposure limit. Thus there is a transition area bounded on the west line of Wallace and Lydekker line to the east. In between these two lines there is a line called the line of balance fauna Weber. Because the chances of mixing elements of fauna in this area is very large, resulting in this transition region there is an element - element of a mix between western and eastern. Transition area is called Wallace. With such geographical conditions lead to biological resources in Indonesia is very rich both in type and number.
Types of Diversity
Indonesia has a rich diversity of species. Estimated number of types of major groups of living things as follows: Animal feeding 300 types; 7500 bird species; Reptiles 2000 kinds; Amphibian 1000 species; Fish 8500 types of snails 20 000 species; 250,000 species of insects. 25 000 species of plant seeds; nail pakuan 1250 type; moss 7500 type; Algae jenisjamur 7800 72 000 species; bacteria and blue algae 300 types. (Pradja Literature, 1989). Several islands in Indonesia have endemic species, especially on the island of Sulawesi; Irian Jaya and the Mentawai islands. Indonesia has 420 endemic bird specis scattered in 24 locations.
Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity is the diversity of the properties contained within a single species.Thus there is no one exactly the same creature in appearance. Matoa Pometia pinnata in Irian Jaya has nine kinds of performances from the entire population.
With the ability of both vegetative and generative reproduction, sago population in Ambon has 6 different kinds of staple sago. Based on the number of types of durian growing wild in Borneo which amounted to 19 species, suggesting that genetic diversity is central Kalimantan durian. With cultivation techniques more and more types of genetically modified plants such as rice, maize, cassava, watermelon without seeds, the type species of orchids, barking pondoh, and others. Genetic diversity in Indonesia looks at a variety of pets. Food-producing livestock that have been cultivated are 5 types of beef cattle is common, Bali cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs. And 7 types of poultry are chickens, ducks, wild duck, geese, quail, pigeons and turkeys and other domestic animals such as cucak rowo, chicken bekisar, and others. Animal genetic diversity is not all coming from their own country. However, through the process of crossing the kinds of animals are multiplying repertoire of genetic diversity in Indonesia.
Distribution of Flora & Fauna / Animals & Plants in Indonesia
Indonesia meliliki diversity of flora and fauna both in Indonesia to the west, central and east due to the influence of natural conditions, natural obstacles and the movement of animals in the wild. These three regions in Indonesia have unique and characteristic of the diversity of animals and plants that exist in the wild.
Alfred Russel Wallace and Max Wilhelm Carl Weber is the people who classify the type of flora and fauna of Indonesia into three groups, namely:
1. Fauna Asiatis
Region = western Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and the Makassar Strait to the Lombok Strait)
Animals = rhinos, tigers, orangutans, elephants, etc..
The spread of the plant, Indonesia covered in Malesia region, which also includes the Philippines, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. This area is determined based on the distribution of plant genera characterized by the three vertices of demarcation: (1) Node Torres Strait indicate that 644 plant genera Irian Jaya can not cross over to Australia and 340 Australian plant genera not found in Irian Jaya.(2) the Isthmus of Kra on the Malay Peninsula flora of Malesia is a limit deployment in Thailand. This led to the demarcation of 200 genera of plants that Thailand can not be spread to the Malesia region, and 375 genera are not found in Thailand Malesia. (3). Node in the south of Taiwan to be a barrier between the flora Flora Malesia and Taiwan .. The existence of this demarcation cause 40% of genera in the flora of Malesia not available outside the region and the flora of Malesia Malesia Asia contains more elements than the elements of Australia. The outbreak of the southern continent Gendawa at 140 million years ago to exposure Sundanese (derived from the northern continent Laurasia) and exposure to Sahul (derived from Gondawa) causes the spread of plant that is concentrated in such Sundaland species durian, rattan, and Artocarpus tusam.
Patterns of distribution of animals in Indonesia marred by a pattern of regional groups of the Oriental in the west and the east Australian region. Both regions are very different. However, since Indonesia consists of a row of islands that are very close together, then the migration of animals between islands provide opportunities mixing elements of two groups of the region. This mixing blur the line between the area of oriental and Australian regions ..
Noting the nature of animals in Indonesia Wallace divides the region into 2 groups of fauna distribution of the fauna of the western part Indonesi (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Madura, Borneo) and Fauna and the eastern part of Sulawesi island next to timumya. Two groups of this fauna have different characteristics and dipiahkan ole Wallace line (the line between Borneo and Sulawesi, continued between Bali and Lombok).
Stretch of islands to the east line of the original Wallace did not include areas of Australia, because the western boundary is the line of Australia's regional Lydekker Sahul following the exposure limit. Thus there is a transition area bounded on the west line of Wallace and Lydekker line to the east. In between these two lines there is a line called the line of balance fauna Weber. Because the chances of mixing elements of fauna in this area is very large, resulting in this transition region there is an element - element of a mix between western and eastern. Transition area is called Wallace. With such geographical conditions lead to biological resources in Indonesia is very rich both in type and number.
Types of Diversity
Indonesia has a rich diversity of species. Estimated number of types of major groups of living things as follows: Animal feeding 300 types; 7500 bird species; Reptiles 2000 kinds; Amphibian 1000 species; Fish 8500 types of snails 20 000 species; 250,000 species of insects. 25 000 species of plant seeds; nail pakuan 1250 type; moss 7500 type; Algae jenisjamur 7800 72 000 species; bacteria and blue algae 300 types. (Pradja Literature, 1989). Several islands in Indonesia have endemic species, especially on the island of Sulawesi; Irian Jaya and the Mentawai islands. Indonesia has 420 endemic bird specis scattered in 24 locations.
Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity is the diversity of the properties contained within a single species.Thus there is no one exactly the same creature in appearance. Matoa Pometia pinnata in Irian Jaya has nine kinds of performances from the entire population.
With the ability of both vegetative and generative reproduction, sago population in Ambon has 6 different kinds of staple sago. Based on the number of types of durian growing wild in Borneo which amounted to 19 species, suggesting that genetic diversity is central Kalimantan durian. With cultivation techniques more and more types of genetically modified plants such as rice, maize, cassava, watermelon without seeds, the type species of orchids, barking pondoh, and others. Genetic diversity in Indonesia looks at a variety of pets. Food-producing livestock that have been cultivated are 5 types of beef cattle is common, Bali cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs. And 7 types of poultry are chickens, ducks, wild duck, geese, quail, pigeons and turkeys and other domestic animals such as cucak rowo, chicken bekisar, and others. Animal genetic diversity is not all coming from their own country. However, through the process of crossing the kinds of animals are multiplying repertoire of genetic diversity in Indonesia.
Distribution of Flora & Fauna / Animals & Plants in Indonesia
Indonesia meliliki diversity of flora and fauna both in Indonesia to the west, central and east due to the influence of natural conditions, natural obstacles and the movement of animals in the wild. These three regions in Indonesia have unique and characteristic of the diversity of animals and plants that exist in the wild.
Alfred Russel Wallace and Max Wilhelm Carl Weber is the people who classify the type of flora and fauna of Indonesia into three groups, namely:
1. Fauna Asiatis
Region = western Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and the Makassar Strait to the Lombok Strait)
Animals = rhinos, tigers, orangutans, elephants, etc..
2. Transition and Native Fauna Fauna
The middle region = Indonesia (Sulawesi and homeland southeast)
Animals = Pigs deer, possum, maleo birds, monkeys, etc..
3. Fauna Australis
= Region of eastern Indonesia (Papua)
Animals = Bird of paradise, parrots, kangaroos, etc..
In the map of distribution of flora and fauna of Indonesia:
Between fauna and transition type asiatis there is the Wallace line.
Transitional type between the fauna and there is a line of type weber australis.
Condition of flora and fauna in each region is influenced by many things such as:
1. Low height above sea level
2. Type of soil
3. Type of forest
4. Climate
5. Human influences, etc.
The middle region = Indonesia (Sulawesi and homeland southeast)
Animals = Pigs deer, possum, maleo birds, monkeys, etc..
3. Fauna Australis
= Region of eastern Indonesia (Papua)
Animals = Bird of paradise, parrots, kangaroos, etc..
In the map of distribution of flora and fauna of Indonesia:
Between fauna and transition type asiatis there is the Wallace line.
Transitional type between the fauna and there is a line of type weber australis.
Condition of flora and fauna in each region is influenced by many things such as:
1. Low height above sea level
2. Type of soil
3. Type of forest
4. Climate
5. Human influences, etc.
PICTURE FOR FLORA AND FAUNA
BUTTERFLY, CENDRAWASIH, ORANG UTAN ARE ALSO FROM INDONESIA
TIGER SUMATRA
CARRION FLOWER
ORCHID
RAIN TROPICAL FOREST
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